Leprosy (Hansen’s Disease)

Leprosy (Hansen’s Disease) is a reportable disease in Oklahoma.  Hansen’s disease, formerly called leprosy, is a chronic infectious disease caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium leprae (M. leprae). Hansen’s disease is still common in many parts of the world. In the United States, the disease is rare, and the majority of reported cases are immigrants or refugees exposed in their native countries. However, locally acquired Hansen’s disease is reported in several states including California, Florida, Hawaii, Louisiana, Texas and New York City.

The exact method by which Hansen’s disease spreads is not clearly understood. However, most investigators think the bacteria are spread from one person to another through respiratory droplets. The bacteria likely enter the body through the nose or possibly through a break in the skin. It may also be possible for children to be infected prior to birth, from an infected mother.  Armadillos can also be infected with M. leprae and some reports suggest they may be capable of spreading the disease to humans.

Persons who live with or have long-term close contact with someone who has untreated Hansen’s disease appear to be at a greater risk of getting the disease. Living in a country where Hansen’s disease is known to regularly occur also increases the risk.

Symptoms of Hansen’s disease occur from nine months to 20 years after exposure to the bacteria.  The disease usually affects the skin, peripheral nerves, and upper airway. Lesions on the skin are typical, and may include discolored areas that lose the sensation of touch and temperature. The eyes and nose may also be involved resulting in loss of eyesight and difficulty breathing. If untreated, severe nerve damage may occur, resulting in loss of muscle control and crippling of the hands and feet.

Hansen’s disease is treatable with antibiotics prescribed by a physician. Early diagnosis and treatment is key in preventing severe, permanent disease and controlling spread of the disease. Persons with Hansen’s disease can become noninfectious within days following appropriate treatment.

Efforts to prevent the spread of Hansen’s disease should start with ensuring the rapid diagnosis and appropriate antibiotic treatment of persons with the disease. Persons having direct contact with someone who is still contagious should avoid handling items potentially soiled with fluids from the nose and respiratory tract. Practice careful and frequent hand washing.  Household members and close contacts to an untreated case of Hansen’s disease should receive annual checkups by a doctor for at least five years.

Leprosy Fact Sheets and Information:
Leprosy Fact Sheet (36k.pdf)

External Leprosy Resources:
Leprosy/Hansen's Disease (CDC)